Basics of Leadership: 01-Leadership Challenges
Leaders in the 21st century must accommodate themselves to today’s rapidly evolving marketplace. Leadership Challenges will teach you about the characteristics of 21st century organizations. You will become familiar with current trends as they apply to business, and gain a better understanding of changing employee expectations and motivations in the workplace. This is the first course in a series of six courses on 21st century leadership.





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Frequently Asked Questions
What is mining?
What do open-pit and opencast mean?
What is the typical “life-cycle” of a mine?
What is meant by mine development and what does mine development include?
What do surface mining operations generally include?
What is mine reclamation?
Sample Video Transcript
The terms open-pit and opencast refer to the type of surface mining which results in a depression or deep funnel-shaped pit surrounded by sloped or stepped walls. At these types of surface mines, a material’s hardness ultimately determines how it will be extracted. Softer, unconsolidated material, such as sand and gravel, clay, and some minerals, can be mined by heavy digging equipment. If the material is under water, dredging equipment is used to bring deposits to the surface for processing. Harder, consolidated materials such as granite, marble, and limestone may require drilling and blasting for efficient removal. An open-pit mining operation which regularly uses explosives is referred to as a quarry.
Additional Resources
- US Department of the Interior (DOI) – www.doi.gov
- Surface Mining Control and Reclamation – http://eros.usgs.gov/lir/surface-mining-control-and-reclamation
- Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) – www.osmre.gov
- OSMRE Laws, Regulations, and Guidance – http://www.osmre.gov/lrg.shtm